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The Role of Solvent Additive Processing in High Performance Small Molecule Solar Cells
journal contribution
posted on 2014-11-25, 00:00 authored by Louis
A. Perez, James
T. Rogers, Michael
A. Brady, Yanming Sun, Gregory
C. Welch, Kristin Schmidt, Michael
F. Toney, Hiroshi Jinnai, Alan J. Heeger, Michael L. Chabinyc, Guillermo C. Bazan, Edward J. KramerThe
use of small volumes of a high boiling point liquid as a “solvent
additive” is a deposition processing method that has been implemented
in most high/record performing polymer:fullerene-based bulk heterojunction
(BHJ) solar cell devices. Recently, solvent additive processing has
been employed in a solution processable small molecule (SPSM) BHJ
system, viz., 5,5′-bis{(4-(7-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine}3,3′-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2′-bithiophene:[6,6]-phenyl
C71 butyric acid methyl ester (p-DTS(PTTh2)2:PC71BM), when a small amount, 0.25
v/v %, diiodooctane (DIO) was added to the casting solution, several
key device metrics increased, leading to a high power conversion efficiency
(PCE) of 6.7%. X-ray diffraction experiments show that the amount
of additive added to the casting solution to make p-DTS(PTTh2)2:PC71BM thin films has
several effects on the structure at multiple length scales: for example,
the number and orientation of p-DTS(PTTh2)2 crystallites, different π–π stacking
distances, and the nanoscale domain size. Additionally, we utilize
energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), a technique
that significantly enhances the contrast between p-DTS(PTTh2)2 and PC71BM in real
space, to further verify the effect of increasing domain size as the
additive concentration is increased. Tomographic reconstruction of
the TEM micrographs provides a 3D representation of the BHJ structure.
These studies show how domain size and tortuosity in all dimensions
change due to solvent additive processing, and the overall finding
is that the nanostructures of p-DTS(PTTh2)2 have enhanced connectivity when 0.25 v/v % DIO was
used. Finally, we show evidence of solvent additive retention in p-DTS(PTTh2)2:PC71BM films
when 1 v/v % DIO is used (but absent for 0.25%). This finding, in
conjunction with the appearance of two populations of π–π
stacking distances when 1 v/v % DIO is used, leads to the identification
of one of the specific points of interaction between DIO and p-DTS(PTTh2)2.