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Products of Aqueous Chlorination of 17β-Estradiol and Their Estrogenic Activities

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journal contribution
posted on 2003-12-15, 00:00 authored by Jianying Hu, Shuijie Cheng, Takako Aizawa, Yoshiyasu Terao, Shoichi Kunikane
To assess the estrogenic activity potentially stemming from 17β-estradiol (E2) in drinking water, ESI-LC-MS was used to identify the products of its aqueous chlorination under the following conditions:  50 μg/L E2, 1.46 mg/L sodium hypochlorite, pH 7.5, 25 °C. Seven products, including 2,4-dichloro-17β-estradiol, monochloroestrone, 2,4-dichloroestrone, and the four byproducts such as 4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-3-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-7α-methyloctahydroinden-5-one (product C in the text) were identified in chlorinated E2 solution. The estrogenic activities of the aqueous chlorinated E2 solution at 10, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min contact time were assessed by a yeast two-hybrid system based on the ligand-dependent interaction of two proteins, a human estrogen receptor (ER) and a coactivator. All five solutions elicited transcriptional activation induction. The maximal β-galactosidase activities induced by the chlorinated solution at 10, 30, and 60 min were similar and slightly lower than those before chlorination, while the activities of the chlorinated solution at 120 and 180 min were about 40% of those before chlorination. Finally, 4-chloro-17β-estradiol (4-chloro-E2) (we failed to synthesize the 2-chloroestrone (2-chloro-E1)), 2,4-dichloro-17β-estradiol (2,4-dichloro-E2), and 2,4-dichloroestrone (2,4-dichloro-E1) were synthesized, and product C was fractionated by HPLC. It was found that 4-chloro-E2 elicited strong estrogenic activity, at almost the same level as that of estrone (EC50 = 102 nM), while 2,4-dichloro-E2 elicited weaker β-galactosidase activity compared with that of 4-chloro-E2. The EC50 was ca. 103 nM. The maximal β-galactosidase activity for 2,4-dichloro-E1 was lower than that of 2,4-dichloro-E2, while its EC50 was similar to that of 2,4-dichloro-E2. In addition, product C, 4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-3-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-7α-methyloctahydroinden-5-one, induced high β-galactosidase activity at the relatively higher concentration of 3.5 × 105 nM. On the basis of the dose−response curve of a single byproduct of chlorinated E2, the estrogenic activity at 120 and 180 min appears to be induced mainly by 2,4-dichloro-E2 and 2,4-dichloro-E1.

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