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Mechanical loading stimulates hypertrophy in tissue-engineered skeletal muscle: Molecular and phenotypic responses

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posted on 2019-07-02, 13:51 authored by Kathryn Aguilar-Agon, Andrew CapelAndrew Capel, Neil MartinNeil Martin, Darren J. Player, Mark LewisMark Lewis
Mechanical loading of skeletal muscle results in molecular and phenotypic adaptations typified by enhanced muscle size. Studies on humans are limited by the need for repeated sampling, and studies on animals have methodological and ethical limitations. In this investigation, three-dimensional skeletal muscle was tissue-engineered utilizing the murine cell line C2C12, which bears resemblance to native tissue and benefits from the advantages of conventional in vitro experiments. The work aimed to determine if mechanical loading induced an anabolic hypertrophic response, akin to that described in vivo after mechanical loading in the form of resistance exercise. Specifically, we temporally investigated candidate gene expression and Akt-mechanistic target of rapamycin 1 signalling along with myotube growth and tissue function. Mechanical loading (construct length increase of 15%) significantly increased insulin-like growth factor-1 and MMP-2 messenger RNA expression 21 hr after overload, and the levels of the atrophic gene MAFbx were significantly downregulated 45 hr after mechanical overload. In addition, p70S6 kinase and 4EBP-1 phosphorylation were upregulated immediately after mechanical overload. Maximal contractile force was augmented 45 hr after load with a 265% increase in force, alongside significant hypertrophy of the myotubes within the engineered muscle. Overall, mechanical loading of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle induced hypertrophy and improved force production.

Funding

Loughborough University, the EPSRC EP/L02067X/1, and MRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Regenerative Medicine.

History

School

  • Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences

Published in

Journal of Cellular Physiology

Volume

234

Issue

12

Pages

23547-23558

Citation

AGUILAR-AGON, K.W. ... et al, 2019. Mechanical loading stimulates hypertrophy in tissue-engineered skeletal muscle: Molecular and phenotypic responses. Journal of Cellular Physiology, doi:10.1002/jcp.28923.

Publisher

Wiley © The Authors

Version

  • VoR (Version of Record)

Publisher statement

This work is made available according to the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/

Acceptance date

2019-05-20

Publication date

2019-06-10

Copyright date

2019

Notes

This is an Open Access article. It is published by Wiley under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/

ISSN

0021-9541

eISSN

1097-4652

Language

  • en

Location

United States

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    Loughborough Publications

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