Ethanol pretreatment and bile acid germinant cultures unculturable gut bacteria Wenfa Ng 29 Dec 2016.pdf (223.86 kB)
Ethanol pretreatment and bile acid germinants help recover significant number of spore forming gut bacteria previously unculturable
Culture of microbes is an
essential step towards understanding the behavior and function of the microbe
in the ecosystem it was drawn from. This rings true despite the increasing
prevalence of various culture independent methods that help lend a lens to the
microbial dark matter, a pool of microorganisms whose identities have emanated
from metagenomic sequencing but which could not be cultured in the lab;
thereby, preventing their physiology and interactions with other microbes to be
gleaned beyond their genetic repertoire. Known by various names such as the
“Great Plate Count Anomaly” or “viable but not culturable”, the inability to
culture most of the microorganisms in the environment have prevented
understanding of how microbes contribute to ecosystem health holistically and
microscopically. But, what are the tools microbiologists have which can
circumvent or solve the problem? One approach utilizes the provision of needed
cofactors and nutrients to allow the cultivation of fastidious microorganisms
that require specific cofactors to grow. This could be achieved by direct
supplementation of needed growth factors or bringing microbes able to secrete
such cofactors into close proximity with the target microbe one seek to
culture. On the other hand, a non culturable problem could manifest where fast
growing microbes outcompetes slow growing ones and thereby present itself as a
case of unculturability. But this could be ameliorated through a combination of
manipulating the growth conditions such that non target microbes could not grow,
as well as providing stimulants for inducing the growth of the target species.
Using the above method, a recent manuscript describes the efforts of Lawley and
coworkers, “Culturing of “unculturable” human microbiota reveals novel taxa and
extensive sporulation” in culturing spore forming bacteria that reside in the
gut microbiota through the exertion of two sequential selection pressures:
ethanol pretreatment and provision of bile acid germinants. Isolation of the
spore forming bacteria illustrates the utility of preventing the growth of most
Proteobacteria in allowing more recalcitrant bacteria (that could play
important roles in disease) to be profiled biochemically, which would add to
our understanding of how spore formers aid normal gut function as well as abet
pathogenic colonization of the intestines. With a means to
culture, and profile, spore forming bacteria in the gut microbiota, their
importance to healthy gut homeostasis as well as their roles in the gut
microbiome community structure could be better understood holistically;
thereby, helping answer questions on why a significant fraction of gut
microorganisms comprise slow growing anaerobes or dormant spores, which, on
ecological terms, could have been driven to extinction by fast growing species.