<i>In Vitro</i>, <i>in Vivo,</i> and Spectroscopic Assessment of Lead Exposure Reduction via Ingestion and Inhalation Pathways Using Phosphate and Iron Amendments Farzana Kastury Euan Smith Emmanuel Doelsch Enzo Lombi Martin Donnelley Patricia L. Cmielewski David W. Parsons Kirk G. Scheckel David Paterson Martin D. de Jonge Carina Herde Albert L. Juhasz 10.1021/acs.est.9b02448.s001 https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/_i_In_Vitro_i_i_in_Vivo_i_and_Spectroscopic_Assessment_of_Lead_Exposure_Reduction_via_Ingestion_and_Inhalation_Pathways_Using_Phosphate_and_Iron_Amendments/9588935 This study compared lead (Pb) immobilization efficacies in mining/smelting impacted soil using phosphate and iron amendments via ingestion and inhalation pathways using <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> assays, in conjunction with investigating the dynamics of dust particles in the lungs and gastro-intestinal tract via X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy. Phosphate amendments [phosphoric acid (PA), hydroxyapatite, monoammonium phosphate (MAP), triple super phosphate (TSP), and bone meal biochar] and hematite were applied at a molar ratio of Pb:Fe/P = 1:5. Pb phosphate formation was investigated in the soil/post-<i>in vitro</i> bioaccessibility (IVBA) residuals and in mouse lung via extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structures (XANES) spectroscopy, respectively. EXAFS analysis revealed that anglesite was the dominant phase in the ingestible (<250 μm) and inhalable (<10 μm) particle fractions. Pb IVBA was significantly reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05) by phosphate amendments in the <250 μm fraction (solubility bioaccessibility research consortium assay) and by PA, MAP, and TSP in the <10 μm fraction (inhalation–ingestion bioaccessibility assay). A 21.1% reduction in Pb RBA (<250 μm fraction) and 56.4% reduction in blood Pb concentration (<10 μm fraction) were observed via the ingestion and inhalation pathways, respectively. XRF microscopy detected Pb in the stomach within 4 h, presumably via mucociliary clearance. 2019-08-13 16:34:42 EXAFS Lead Exposure Reduction Pb TSP PA bone meal biochar XRF RBA fraction inhalation pathways solubility bioaccessibility research consortium assay phosphate amendments IVBA XANES X-ray absorption