Mendoza, Johan Basílio, Nuno Freitas, Victor de Pina, Fernando New Procedure To Calculate All Equilibrium Constants in Flavylium Compounds: Application to the Copigmentation of Anthocyanins A new experimental procedure to calculate all equilibrium constants of the multistate of species of anthocyanins and related compounds, including those in basic medium, is reported. The procedure is based on a series of pH jumps monitored by stopped flow from an extended pH range of solutions at pseudo-equilibrium (when there is no significant formation of <i>trans</i>-chalcones) or at equilibrium to pH = 1.0. The experimental procedure is described for the anthocyanin model compound 4′-hydroxyflavylium, which exhibits a peculiar behavior in moderately acidic medium, because the quinoidal base, hemiketal, and <i>cis</i>-chalcone have similar mole fractions at pseudo-equilibrium, permitting good discrimination among these species. The experimental procedure can be extended to the copigmentation phenomenon and allow the calculation of the 1:1 copigmentation constants of the flavylium cation, quinoidal base, hemiketal, and <i>cis</i>- and <i>trans</i>-chalcones (this last from the equilibrium) and their respective ionized forms. The method was applied to calculate the copigmentation constants of the model compound 4′-hydroxyflavylium as well as malvidin-3-glucoside with caffeine. In the last compound, the strongest interaction takes place with the quinoidal base (<i>K</i> = 303 M<sup>–1</sup>) and flavylium cation (<i>K</i> = 134 M<sup>–1</sup>) and, to a lesser extent, with the ionized quinoidal base (<i>K</i> = 43 M<sup>–1</sup>) and <i>cis</i>-chalcone (<i>K</i> = 17 M<sup>–1</sup>). The caffeine interaction with the hemiketal and the other ionized species is negligible. ci;hemiketal;constant;caffeine;pH;pseudo-equilibrium;species;quinoidal base;equilibrium;medium;hydroxyflavylium;anthocyanin;compound;chalcone;copigmentation;tran;flavylium cation;interaction;model;procedure 2019-07-12
    https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/New_Procedure_To_Calculate_All_Equilibrium_Constants_in_Flavylium_Compounds_Application_to_the_Copigmentation_of_Anthocyanins/8863523
10.1021/acsomega.9b01066.s001