10.3389/fimmu.2018.02514.s003 Annika Luukkainen Annika Luukkainen Kia Joo Puan Kia Joo Puan Nurhashikin Yusof Nurhashikin Yusof Bernett Lee Bernett Lee Kai Sen Tan Kai Sen Tan Jing Liu Jing Liu Yan Yan Yan Yan Sanna Toppila-Salmi Sanna Toppila-Salmi Risto Renkonen Risto Renkonen Vincent T. Chow Vincent T. Chow Olaf Rotzschke Olaf Rotzschke De Yun Wang De Yun Wang Image_3_A Co-culture Model of PBMC and Stem Cell Derived Human Nasal Epithelium Reveals Rapid Activation of NK and Innate T Cells Upon Influenza A Virus Infection of the Nasal Epithelium.tiff Frontiers 2018 influenza A virus peripheral blood mononuclear cells nasal epithelium co-culture innate T cells 2018-11-08 16:59:39 Figure https://frontiersin.figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_3_A_Co-culture_Model_of_PBMC_and_Stem_Cell_Derived_Human_Nasal_Epithelium_Reveals_Rapid_Activation_of_NK_and_Innate_T_Cells_Upon_Influenza_A_Virus_Infection_of_the_Nasal_Epithelium_tiff/7315574 <p>Background: We established an in vitro co-culture model involving H3N2-infection of human nasal epithelium with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to investigate their cross-talk during early H3N2 infection.</p><p>Methods: Nasal epithelium was differentiated from human nasal epithelial stem/progenitor cells and cultured wtih fresh human PBMC. PBMC and supernatants were harvested after 24 and 48 h of co-culture with H3N2-infected nasal epithelium. We used flow cytometry and Luminex to characterize PBMC subpopulations, their activation and secretion of cytokine and chemokines.</p><p>Results: H3N2 infection of the nasal epithelium associated with significant increase in interferons (IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-29), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, BDNF, IL-3) and viral-associated chemokines (IP-10, MCP-3, I-TAC, MIG), detectable already after 24 h. This translates into rapid activation of monocytes, NK-cells and innate T-cells (MAIT and γδ T cells), evident with CD38+ and/or CD69+ upregulation.</p><p>Conclusions: This system may contribute to in vitro mechanistic immunological studies bridging systemic models and possibly enable the development of targeted immunomodulatory therapies.</p>