TY - DATA T1 - Qi et al. Methods Results Tables Figures ESM from Male cooperation for breeding opportunities contributes to the evolution of multilevel societies PY - 2017/09/13 AU - Xiao-Guang Qi AU - Kang Huang AU - Gu Fang AU - Cyril C. Grueter AU - Derek W. Dunn AU - Yu-Li Li AU - Weihong Ji AU - Xiao-Yan Wang AU - Rong-Tao Wang AU - Paul A. Garber AU - Bao-Guo Li UR - https://rs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Qi_et_al_Methods_Results_Tables_Figures_ESM_from_Male_cooperation_for_breeding_opportunities_contributes_to_the_evolution_of_multilevel_societies/5401771 DO - 10.6084/m9.figshare.5401771.v1 L4 - https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/9304231 KW - all-male group KW - multilevel society KW - kinship KW - social network analysis KW - primates’ social evolution N2 - A small number of primate species including snub-nosed monkeys (colobines), geladas (papionins) and humans live in multilevel societies (MLSs), in which multiple one-male polygamous units (OMUs) coexist to form a band, and non-breeding males associate in bachelor groups. Phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that the papionin MLS appears to have evolved through internal fissioning of large mixed-sex groups, whereas the colobine MLS evolved through the aggregation of small, isolated OMUs. However, how agonistic males maintain tolerance under intensive competition over limited breeding opportunities remains unclear. Using a combination of behavioural analysis, satellite telemetry and genetic data, we quantified the social network of males in a bachelor group of golden snub-nosed monkeys. The results show a strong effect of kinship on social bonds among bachelors. Their interactions ranged from cooperation to agonism, and were regulated by access to mating partners. We suggest that an ‘arms race’ between breeding males' collective defence against usurpation attempts by bachelor males and bachelor males' aggregative offence to obtain reproductive opportunities has selected for larger group size on both sides. The results provide insight into the role that kin selection plays in shaping inter-male cohesion which facilities the evolution of multilevel societies. These findings have implications for understanding human social evolution, as male–male bonds are a trademark of small- and large-scale human societies. ER -