Supplementary Material for: Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor-Induced Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Case Report and Review of the Literature Català A. Roé E. Dalmau J. Pomar V. Muñoz C. Yelamos O. Puig L. 10.6084/m9.figshare.5127469.v1 https://karger.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Supplementary_Material_for_Anti-Tumour_Necrosis_Factor-Induced_Visceral_and_Cutaneous_Leishmaniasis_Case_Report_and_Review_of_the_Literature/5127469 <b><i>Background:</i></b> Leishmaniasis is a chronic protozoan disease in which organisms are found within phagolysosomes of the mononuclear phagocyte system. There are three major forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral. We report the first case of visceral leishmaniasis with cutaneous involvement in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with the anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) adalimumab. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To highlight cutaneous leishmaniasis as the first indicator of a kala-azar disease in a patient treated with anti-TNF and to review the literature on leishmaniasis in the context of anti-TNF therapy. <b><i>Case Report:</i></b> A 59-year-old woman presented with a crusted plaque on the right elbow 34 months after the initiation of adalimumab. A cutaneous biopsy showed intracellular amastigotes. No <i>Leishmania</i> parasites were observed in a bone marrow aspirate, but laboratory tests showed anaemia and impaired liver function, abdominal ultrasonography showed hepatomegaly, and ELISA serology was strongly positive for <i>Leishmania</i> antibodies in serum and urine. Adalimumab was withdrawn and treatment combining intralesional pentavalent antimonials and liposomal amphotericin was started. Eight weeks later, the leishmaniasis had resolved. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> A skin biopsy disclosing leishmaniasis should prompt tests to rule out visceral leishmaniasis, especially in an area such as the Mediterranean where the prevalence of latent <i>Leishmania</i> infection is high. 2015-01-23 00:00:00 Cutaneous leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis Adalimumab Anti-tumour necrosis factor Tumour necrosis factor-α Rheumatoid arthritis Liposomal amphotericin Pentavalent antimonials