10.1021/acs.est.6b05179.s001
Tamzin A. Blewett
Tamzin A.
Blewett
Perrine L. M. DelompreĢ
Perrine L. M.
DelompreĢ
Yuhe He
Yuhe
He
Erik J. Folkerts
Erik J.
Folkerts
Shannon L. Flynn
Shannon L.
Flynn
Daniel S. Alessi
Daniel S.
Alessi
Greg G. Goss
Greg G.
Goss
Sublethal
and Reproductive Effects of Acute and Chronic
Exposure to Flowback and Produced Water from Hydraulic Fracturing
on the Water Flea <i>Daphnia magna</i>
American Chemical Society
2017
LC 50 value
PCR
LC 50
FPW toxicity
Water Flea Daphnia magna Hydraulic
crustacean Daphnia magna
genes encoding xenobiotic metabolism
2017-01-31 00:00:00
Journal contribution
https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Sublethal_and_Reproductive_Effects_of_Acute_and_Chronic_Exposure_to_Flowback_and_Produced_Water_from_Hydraulic_Fracturing_on_the_Water_Flea_i_Daphnia_magna_i_/4645453
Hydraulic fracturing is an industrial
process allowing for the
extraction of gas or oil. To fracture the rocks, a proprietary mix
of chemicals is injected under high pressure, which later returns
to the surface as flowback and produced water (FPW). FPW is a complex
chemical mixture consisting of trace metals, organic compounds, and
often, high levels of salts. FPW toxicity to the model freshwater
crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> was characterized utilizing
acute (48 h median lethal concentrations; LC<sub>50</sub>) and chronic
(21 day) exposures. A decrease in reproduction was observed, with
a mean value of 18.5 neonates produced per replicate over a 21 day
chronic exposure to 0.04% FPW, which was a significant decrease from
the average of 64 neonates produced in the controls. The time to first
brood was delayed in the highest FPW (0.04%) treatment. Neonates exhibited
an LC<sub>50</sub> of 0.19% of full-strength FPW, making them more
sensitive than adults, which displayed an LC<sub>50</sub> value of
0.75%. Quantitative PCR highlighted significant changes in expression
of genes encoding xenobiotic metabolism (<i>cyp4</i>) and
moulting (<i>cut</i>). This study is the first to characterize
chronic FPW toxicity and will help with the development of environmental
monitoring and risk assessment of FPW spills.