Table S1: Measurements (in mm) on mandible for 11 ancient dog samples and dental defect record. Measurements are based on Von Den Driesh code (1976) [25] from <i>Amy2B</i> copy number variation reveals starch diet adaptations in ancient European dogs Morgane Ollivier Anne Tresset Fabiola Bastian Laetitia Lagoutte Erik Axelsson Maja-Louise Arendt Adrian Bălăşescu Marjan Marshour Mikhail V. Sablin Laure Salanova Jean-Denis Vigne Christophe Hitte Catherine Hänni 10.6084/m9.figshare.4206201.v1 https://rs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Table_S1_Measurements_in_mm_on_mandible_for_11_ancient_dog_samples_and_dental_defect_record_Measurements_are_based_on_Von_Den_Driesh_code_1976_25_from_i_Amy2B_i_copy_number_variation_reveals_starch_diet_adaptations_in_ancient_European_dogs/4206201 Extant dog and wolf DNA indicates that dog domestication was accompanied by the selection of a series of duplications on the <i>Amy2B</i> gene coding for pancreatic amylase. In this study, we used a palaeogenetic approach to investigate the timing and expansion of the <i>Amy2B</i> gene in the ancient dog populations of Western and Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. Quantitative PCR was used to estimate the copy numbers of this gene for 13 ancient dog samples, dated to between 15 000 and 4000 years before present (BP). This evidenced an increase of <i>Amy2B</i> copies in ancient dogs from as early as the 7th millennium BP in Southeastern Europe. We found that the gene expansion was not fixed across all dogs within this early farming context, with ancient dogs bearing between 2 and 20 diploid copies of the gene. The results also suggested that selection for the increased <i>Amy2B</i> copy number started 7000 years BP, at the latest. This expansion reflects a local adaptation that allowed dogs to thrive on a starch rich diet, especially within early farming societies, and suggest a biocultural coevolution of dog genes and human culture. 2016-11-04 11:43:29 domestication palaeogenomics amylase dog Neolithic