10.1371/journal.pone.0153621.g005 Sandra M. Davern Sandra M. Davern Timothy E. McKnight Timothy E. McKnight Robert F. Standaert Robert F. Standaert Jennifer L. Morrell-Falvey Jennifer L. Morrell-Falvey Elena D. Shpak Elena D. Shpak Udaya C. Kalluri Udaya C. Kalluri Joanna Jelenska Joanna Jelenska Jean T. Greenberg Jean T. Greenberg Saed Mirzadeh Saed Mirzadeh Carbon nanofiber arrays deliver fluorescent OG-CmPP16-1 into a <i>Populus</i> leaf. Public Library of Science 2016 tissue integrity hydrogen peroxide Populus leaf tissue picomole quantities tree species sub-microliter quantities Novel Tool carbon nanofiber bioenergy applications microdelivery method Populus leaf cells wound response leaf surface carbon Nanofiber Arrays radiolabeled molecules plant regions VACNF arrays 2016-04-27 13:59:15 Figure https://plos.figshare.com/articles/figure/Carbon_nanofiber_arrays_deliver_fluorescent_OG-CmPP16-1_into_a_i_Populus_i_leaf_/4020924 <p>(a) Epifluorescence micrograph of the impaled region. The outline of the VACNF chip (ca. 2 × 2 mm) is indicated by the large dashed box. (b) Close-up view of a leaf vein junction showing carbon nanofiber spikes resident in the leaf. Arrows indicate clusters of fibers, in which individual fibers are visible as small black dots. (c) Composite epifluorescence image showing bidirectional movement of the labeled protein from the site of impalement with the VACNF array. The images were recorded 5–10 min after introduction of OG-CmPP16-1. Results shown are representative of 5 separate experiments (one plant per experiment). (d) Accumulation of fluorescence at the hydathodes was observed in 2 of 5 experiments 30 min after VACNF delivery. The black square indicates the location of the VACNF chip.</p>