Appendix B. Equation for calculating λ', a composite index of population performance based on r', which estimates the realized per capita rate of population change for each replicate cohort. LeisnhamP. T. LounibosL. P. O'MearaG. F. JulianoS. A. 2016 Equation for calculating λ', a composite index of population performance based on r', which estimates the realized per capita rate of population change for each replicate cohort.