10.1021/jacs.5b11602.s002 Yuan Chang Yuan Chang Zheng Liu Zheng Liu Yun Zhang Yun Zhang Kornelia Galior Kornelia Galior Jeffery Yang Jeffery Yang Khalid Salaita Khalid Salaita A General Approach for Generating Fluorescent Probes to Visualize Piconewton Forces at the Cell Surface American Chemical Society 2016 phase peptide synthesis receptor SPPS Cell SurfaceMechanical forces ECM tension probes mapping approach NCL 2016-02-12 00:00:00 Media https://acs.figshare.com/articles/media/A_General_Approach_for_Generating_Fluorescent_Probes_to_Visualize_Piconewton_Forces_at_the_Cell_Surface/2874850 Mechanical forces between cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM) are mediated by dozens of different receptors. These biophysical interactions play fundamental roles in processes ranging from cellular development to tumor progression. However, mapping the spatial and temporal dynamics of tension among various receptor–ligand pairs remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, we have developed a synthetic strategy to generate modular tension probes combining the native chemical ligation (NCL) reaction with solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). In principle, this approach accommodates virtually any peptide or expressed protein amenable to NCL. We generated a small library of tension probes displaying different ligands, flexible linkers, and fluorescent reporters, enabling the mapping of integrin and cadherin tension, and demonstrating the first example of long-term (∼3 days) molecular tension imaging. This approach provides a toolset to better understand mechanotransduction events fundamental to cell biology.