Rapid Macrocycle Threading by a Fluorescent Dye–Polymer Conjugate in Water with Nanomolar Affinity PeckEvan M. LiuWenqi SpenceGraeme T. ShawScott K. DavisAnthony P. DestecroixHarry SmithBradley D. 2015 A macrocyclic tetralactam host is threaded by a highly fluorescent squaraine dye that is flanked by two polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains with nanomolar dissociation constants in water. Furthermore, the rates of bimolecular association are very fast with <i>k</i><sub>on</sub> ≈ 10<sup>6</sup>–10<sup>7</sup> M<sup>–1</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>. The association is effective under cell culture conditions and produces large changes in dye optical properties including turn-on near-infrared fluorescence that can be imaged using cell microscopy. Association constants in water are ∼1000 times higher than those in organic solvents and strongly enthalpically favored at 27 °C. The threading rate is hardly affected by the length of the PEG chains that flank the squaraine dye. For example, macrocycle threading by a dye conjugate with two appended PEG2000 chains is only three times slower than threading by a conjugate with triethylene glycol chains that are 20 times shorter. The results are a promising advance toward synthetic mimics of streptavidin/biotin.