Hematopoiesis toxicity induced by 4-methylumbelliferon determined in an invertebrate model organism Yan Fang Yue He Hua Wang Siqi Yan Rui Xing Weimin Yin Yanghu Sima Shiqing Xu 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568466 https://tandf.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Hematopoiesis_toxicity_induced_by_4_methylumbelliferon_determined_in_an_invertebrate_model_organism/1568466 <p>Umbelliferone has potential value as it has an inhibitory effect on tumor cells; however, its impact on an animal's circulatory system and hematopoietic function has not been reported. In this study, 4-methylumbelliferon (4-MU), an umbelliferone derivative, was used as a model drug, and its potential toxicity on hemocytes and hematopoietic organs (HOs) was investigated using an invertebrate animal model, the silkworm, <i>Bombyx mori</i>. The results showed that the level of reactive oxygen species in HOs increased when larvae (third day of the fifth instar) were orally exposed to 4 mM 4-MU for 8 min, followed by the induction of improved antioxidative metabolism of coenzymes in hemolymph. Exposure to 4-MU also significantly upregulated the expression levels of several genes in the hemolymph and fat body (a detoxification tissue similar to the liver in mammals) including antimicrobial peptide gene <i>cecropinA</i> and <i>moricin</i>, and a phagocytosis-related gene, <i>tetraspanin E</i>, suggesting an increased antioxidant level and antimicrobial ability of the circulatory system. However, the percentage of dead hemocytes increased and hematopoiesis significantly decreased in HOs, indicating the toxic effect of 4-MU on hemocytes and hematopoiesis, despite it inducing enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in the circulatory system.</p> 2015-08-31 00:00:00 detoxification tissue tetraspanin E hematopoietic function 8  min invertebrate animal model hematopoietic organs hemolymph antioxidant level antimicrobial activity tumor cells reactive oxygen species MU antimicrobial ability invertebrate model organism Umbelliferone hemocyte model drug Bombyx mori Hematopoiesis toxicity expression levels HO antioxidative metabolism methylumbelliferon antimicrobial peptide gene cecropinA hematopoiesi