First African record of the Miocene Asian mouse-deer <i>Siamotragulus</i> (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Tragulidae): implications for the phylogeny and evolutionary history of the advanced selenodont tragulids M. SánchezIsrael QuiralteVictoria RíosMaría MoralesJorge PickfordMartin 2015 <div><p>New remains of the small tragulid <i>Dorcatherium songhorensis</i> Whitworth, 1958 from the Early Miocene fossil site of Napak XXI (Uganda) include the first significant sample of postcranial bones from this species ever described. The limb bones of this tragulid are very similar to that described in the Miocene Asian long-legged tragulids of the genus <i>Siamotragulus</i> Thomas <i>et al</i>., 1990, a type previously unknown in the African Miocene. A cladistic analysis links <i>D. songhorensis</i> to a <i>Siamotragulus</i> clade as its basal offshoot, so we propose the name <i>Siamotragulus songhorensis</i> (Whitworth, 1958) for this species. Also, the <i>Siamotragulus</i> clade belongs to a monophyletic group that includes <i>Afrotragulus</i> Sánchez <i>et al</i>., 2010 and the extant Asian genera <i>Moschiola</i> and <i>Tragulus</i>. This inclusive clade is characterized by both a derived selenodont dentition and an advanced postcranial skeleton. Additionally <i>Siamotragulus</i> shows some cursorial refinements reflected in its postcranial skeleton including the pecoran-like metatarsals III–IV. <i>Siamotragulus songhorensis</i> shows that the genus <i>Siamotragulus</i> was not endemic to Asia as previously thought, and that a highly diverse guild of tragulids, including different members of the advanced selenodont clade, inhabited Africa as early as the Early Miocene (19–20 Ma).</p></div>