Differential gene expression of PAL in grapevine leaves induced by (a) wounding and (b) UV-C irradiation.

Relative gene expression quantification was performed using four different normalization factors derived from: the combination of the two top ranked genes, the best ranked gene, the second most stable gene and the worst ranked gene. All values are mean±SD (n = 4). Statistical differences (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison test) to UBC+VAG – wounding or UBC+PEP – UV-C irradiation are marked: ns – not significant (P>0.05); * – significant (0.01<P<0.05); ** – very significant (0.001<P<0.01).